I make an effort to summarize my observations and knowledge of trees which I have gathered over the years. I feel it will help to take better decisions while planting new trees in an urban space. This guide may be applicable only to Salt Lake and adjoining regions of Kolkata (West Bengal, India) since most of my observations are from this region. As the date will suggest, this blog was written few days after the cyclone AMPHAN devastated Kolkata.
I make no claim to be an expert on trees or on biodiversity or on urban planning or on landscaping. I am not an expert on soil type. However, I love observing and interacting with nature. In this write-up, if I have missed your point of view, I apologize. I intend to periodically update this document as I keep gaining more insights and knowledge about the trees around me.
1. The Basic Conundrum
Which Trees Should I Plant? This is a question which frequently haunts us and the answer is not easy. Poor choice usually leads to disappointment. The tree may die off, may get a disease, may require too much maintenance or it may grow too tall and ultimately damage structures around. Should you plant only those trees which are tolerant to storms? The answer is NO. What would you do if a massive flood occurs and you find that the trees you selectively planted cannot withstand flood. Should you plant only those trees which can withstand flood and storm? The answer is again NO. Are you sure that a severe drought is not coming? You might find that all the trees which you selectively planted had died because they could not withstand the extreme heat. May be in near future, there will be a locust attack or a severe plant disease which will wipe out most of the trees. With so many factors at play, it is beyond the power of the human beings to fortify against all the catastrophes of the future. The answer may lie in diversity. Plant as many different species as possible, especially those which have historically thrived in your region.
You may also consider the following advice:
The first and the most important advice is to plant native trees. Native trees are trees which naturally grow and thrive in our climate and soil. They support our local biodiversity in the form of birds, bees, butterflies, mammals and small insects. These creatures in turn help to naturally disperse seeds and pollinate flowers. A thriving population of birds, insects and mammals is the best indicator of success of a plantation or the success of a forest in an urban space. The native tree species require minimal care and are usually resilient to the climate, pests and diseases. In the first few months after planting, they might need to be watered. Some hardy species do not require even that. In terms of fertilizer, you may just add a bit of compost or dung manure at the time of planting. However, you may choose not to add any fertilizer. Another problem associated with introduced species is that they sometimes become invasive. Their rapid and uncontrolled propagation makes the species invasive. Invasive species kills and suppresses the natural growth of native species. Prosopis juliflora is one such tree. In short, plant native trees if you do not want to disturb the ecological balance of your region.
The second advice is not to totally trust your aesthetics. Do not plant only those trees which bear lovely flowers or assume a pleasing shape. Like human beings, the prettiest might not be the strongest. Many fall to this deception while planting trees. I have noticed that trees have a mind of their own. They might not exactly take the shape which you want it to take. Some trees may not have the most beautiful flowers, but their dense canopy provide excellent shade. Even if you can afford an air-conditioner, the trees will still benefit you, in terms of reduced electricity bill. Trees which have large and dense canopy should be planted wherever possible.
The third advice is to be patient. Trees require a lot of time to mature and grow. It would be futile to plant only those species which grow fast without taking any other factors into consideration. Fruit trees need a long time to mature. Plant it and forget it. You may not be be the one to reap the benefits. In short, you should not plant only those fruit trees which will bear fruit in a few years time. Also do not hesitate to plant fruit trees in public spaces. You may not be able to enjoy the fruits, but you will be helping birds and also less privileged street children who might get some nutrition for free. Remember, India is a poor country.
The fourth advice is to consider the space and plant a tree appropriate for that space. Some trees need good amount of sunlight while others can survive in the shade of other trees. Planting a tree which needs a lot of sunlight, in a shade will cause it to grow to immense height and force it to take a crooked shape. Also, planting a tree which grows to enormous heights in a small space can become a recipe for disaster. The city needs big trees. They provide excellent shade and provide lot of oxygen. However, big trees should be planted on the playgrounds, open spaces, parks, wide avenues, canal sides but not in cramped urban spaces. Choosing not to plant big trees will be a big mistake.
The fifth advice is to be cautious about planting those species which have performed very poorly for your region. Performing poorly does not mean that the plant did not produce sufficient fruits or flowers. Performing poorly means that they got attacked by pests too often or they were ravaged by storms or they could not withstand the heat or got affected by the rainfall typical to your region.
The sixth advice is not to plant too many trees of the same species in a particular area. Not only does it make the landscape mundane, in the event of any disease or a catastrophe, all the trees will get equally affected. It may make more sense to plant several species together unless there is a strong evidence that a certain species does well with its own kind.
2. Role of Trees In Cities
Human beings are selfish. Cities have been built by decimating forests and precious natural landscapes. So, why should we then think about leaving some space for trees in this concrete jungle. We should for our own good. I list down few reasons why we plant trees in cities in the first place.
1. Shade. Big trees play a vital role in reducing the surface temperature of the roads and buildings around by as much as 8 degrees centigrade. It is not feasible to install air-conditioners in each and every public and private space.
2. Provides Oxygen and Alleviates Global Warming. Trees release oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide and help alleviate global warming. It should be noted that with every passing day, an increasing percentage of the global population is shifting to the cities.
3. Pollution. Leaves of the trees and the barks play a vital role is trapping air-borne dust and micro particles which are abundant in the city.
4. Nutrition. Trees in community managed spaces and private spaces have excellent scope to provide nutrition at a minimal cost.
5. Aesthetics. Trees make the city more beautiful and I do not mean only those exotic trees with bright red flowers. Every tree is a work of art. No wonder poets and authors have observed trees and have written about them.
6. Mental Well-being. That trees make you happy is now scientifically well accepted. There are scores of research highlighting this fact. Also, regular walks in a natural environment relieves stress and promotes mental well being. Check what ‘Shinrin-Yoku’ means in Japanese.
7. Biodiversity. Promotes biodiversity. Trees attract birds, bees and butterflies to the city and provides shelter and nutrition to them. Even if birds do not interest you, you should be aware that the insect population is getting decimated worldwide. No insects. No pollination. No food on the table. Got the link?
3. Wind-Firmness
Wind-firmness of a tree species is its ability to withstand heavy wind and storms without getting uprooted or severely damaged. Wind-firmness should never be the only criterion while selecting species for urban plantation, though it should play a vital role while selecting species for plantation on major roads. Similarly, it will be wrong to assume that all native species are wind-firm. There are some wonderful native tree species which attract lot of birds and insects but are not wind-firm, eg. Kalojam. Such trees should not be neglected and should be planted in the playgrounds and other similar areas.
4. Trees Which You Should Avoid Planting
Eucalyptus (Genus: Eucalyptus). This is not a native species. I have no idea why one should be planted in an urban area. They grow fast and to gigantic heights. With a thin canopy, they provide negligible shade and have a disrepute of using up the ground water. These trees are extremely prone to toppling. It does not take an AMPHAN to uproot an eucalyptus. In addition, they have no showy flowers. In terms of biodiversity, it would be wrong to say that they do not support any. In fact, some birds have been observed feeding on the nectar of its flowers. Bats also feed on its flowers.
Radhachura (Peltophorum pterocarpum): They bear lovely yellow flowers in clusters which bloom in summer. The trees have a grand canopy which provide a fine shade. The copper seedpods also look lovely. Their growth is also pretty good in this climate and they tolerate heat very well. However, the trees are extremely prone to windthrow and their huge branches break easily in the storm. It should also be remembered that Radhachura is not native to the region.
Krishnachura (Delonix regia): This tree withstands heat well and produces lovely red flowers in the peak of summer. Very few trees can beat its aesthetic value. It has been an iconic species for Salt Lake. However, I find that a lot of trees have got diseased and several Krishnachura trees have got uprooted in the storm. The tree provides moderate amount of shade. This species is not native to this region.
Small-leaved Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni) and Large-leaved Mahagony (Swietenia macrophylla): These two are very large trees. They have huge canopies which provide good shade. However, it has been noticed that they are prone to toppling. Mahagonies often get uprooted in storms and cause road blocks and damages to building around. It should also be noted that Mahagony is not a species native to the region.
5. A Word of Caution: Tabebuia
Tabebuia (Genus: Tabebuia) in Kolkata is the rising star. It has bewitched us with its showy flowers of pink and yellow variety. It is now one of the most sought after ornamental trees for avenue plantation. Lot of new avenues are being planted with Tabebuia. Even the government nurseries are stocking it. The tree has performed well till now; even against the storm Amphan. However, it should be remembered that the tree is not native to this region. Also, at this moment most of the trees are young in the city. Who knows what the future has in store for Tabebuia. Some literature mentions that the branches are brittle. Also, the tree Tabebuia impetiginosa has performed very poorly during storms in Australia. We can plant a few but not too many.
6. Trees, Spaces And Suitability Matrix
I feel that the choosing the correct species is important in an urban space. I describe some typical urban spaces and provide some recommendation based on my personal observations. Few key information about the trees have been provided to help you choose the right species during a plantation drive. Some of the species mentioned may be easily available in the nurseries while some others can be seen germinating on the roadsides. You can also collect seeds from the wild and try germinating them at your home for plantation later at a suitable site. Please note that shrubs and climbers are not included in this list.
The list of tree species is not very short and it is intentional. I would urge you to plant as many different species as possible while keeping their appropriateness in mind.
6.1 Small Private Residential Spaces
Description:
Small spaces within six feet from a house or construction, small spaces adjacent to boundary walls, very small garden patch adjacent to a construction.
Considerations:
- Minimal impact on construction
- Aesthetics
- Fragrant flowers
- Fruits and flowers
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with A are suitable.
6.2 Roadsides Inside Residential Blocks
Description:
Sides of the roads inside residential blocks/areas which are at least 10 feet away from the house, small isolated patches inside residential areas.
Considerations:
- Shade
- Height, girth and canopy of the mature tree
- Minimal impact on construction
- Aesthetics
- Fragrant flowers
- Fruits and flowers
- Pollen Allergy
Notes:
Branches of mango might snap in storms and top heavy mango trees might get uprooted.
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with B are suitable.
6.3 Parks and Playgrounds
Description:
Around the periphery of parks and playgrounds, in the middle of large parks and playgrounds where shade might be needed.
Considerations:
- Shade
- Aesthetics
- Biodiversity
- Fragrant flowers
- Fruits and flowers
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with C are suitable.
6.4 Community Marketplaces
Description:
Wide open spaces around community marketplaces with heavy footfall.
Considerations:
- Shade
- Aesthetics
- Windfirm
- Biodiversity
- Fragrant flowers
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with D are suitable.
6.5 Narrow Medians On Avenues
Description:
Narrow medians on avenues where width of the median is typically three to four feet.
Considerations:
- Windfirm
- Shade
- Straight bole
- Tolerant to pruning
- Aesthetics
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with E are suitable.
6.6 Wide Medians On Avenues
Description Of The Spaces:
Wide medians on avenues where width of the median is six feet or more.
Considerations:
- Windfirm
- Shade
- Aesthetics
- Biodiversity
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with F are suitable.
6.7 Roadsides On Avenues
Description:
Sides of wide avenues, sides of major arterial roads passing through the cities.
Considerations:
- Windfirm
- Shade
- Aesthetics
- Biodiversity
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with G are suitable.
6.8 Canal Sides and Edges of Large Waterbodies
Description:
Canal sides, riversides and edges of waterbodies.
Considerations:
- Tolerance to waterlogging
- Biodiversity
- Shade
- Aesthetics
Suitable Trees:
Refer to Table 1, 2, 3 and 4. Species marked with H are suitable.
7. List of Trees
Legends:
A = Small Private Spaces
B = Roadsides Inside Residential Blocks
C = Parks and Playgrounds
D = Community Marketplaces
E = Narrow Medians on Avenues
F = Wide Medians on Avenues
G = Roadsides on Avenues
H = Canal Sides and Edges of Large Waterbodies
7.1 Small Trees
| Species & Suitable Spaces | Native To India | Notes |
| Curry Pata / Curry Tree (Murraya koenigii) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: No Leaves are aromatic and used extensively in cooking. |
| Dakur (Kopsia fruticosa) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Lovely pink coloured flowers shaped like Tagor which bloom during summer and monsoon. |
| Dalim/Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: No Delicious fruits. Grows well in dry soil. |
| Furush / Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Lovely pink or white flowers which bloom during peak summer. Sheds leaves in winter. |
| Gandhoraj Ful / Cape Jasmine (Gardenia jasminoides) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Lovely white flowers with a beautiful fragrance. Blooms in summer. Can provide some amount of shade. |
| Jaba / Hibiscus (Genus: Hibiscus) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Bright coloured flowers which bloom in large numbers. Does very well in full sunlight and in moist soil (edges of pond, etc). Flowers attract sunbirds. |
| Kamini (Murraya paniculata) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Fragrance of the white-flowers fill the air. Blooms in flushes after rain. Provides moderate amount of shade. |
| Karabi / Oleander (Nerium oleander) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful red/pink/white flowers which bloom in summer. Loves heat. Leaves and stem are poisonous when eaten in large quantity. Not eaten by cattle. Can be easily pruned. Attracts butterflies. |
| Karamcha (Carissa carandas) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, X, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: No Fruits are tangy and edible. Used in cooking and also in pickles. Thorny. |
| Kolke (Cascabela thevetia) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful yellow flowers and thin leaves. Flowers attract sunbirds. |
| Krishnachura Choto / Dwarf Poinciana (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) Suitable Spaces: A, B, X, X, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Lovely red flowers in pagoda like clusters. |
| Lebu – Pati (Citrus aurantifolia) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: No Fruits are in high demand. Requires full sunlight. Very thorny. Attracts butterflies. |
| Lebu – Gandhoraj (Citrus medica but mostly believed to be hybrid) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | – | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: No Fruits are in high demand. Requires full sunlight. Very thorny. Attracts butterflies. |
| Penpe / Papaya (Carica papaya) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: No Fruits are eaten raw and when ripe. Does not take too much of space. |
| Rangan / Ixora (Ixora coccinea) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Lovely flowers in clusters which can be red, pink or white. Can be pruned easily. Flowers well in full sunlight. |
| Shiuli / Parijat (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Lovely white fragrant flowers which bloom throughout the year but mostly in autumn. |
| Sthal Padma / Confederate Rose (Hibiscus mutabilis) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Large multi-petalled pink flowers which start blooming in autumn. Might require a bit of care. |
| Thuja / Chinese Thuja (Thuja orientalis) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Unimpressive. Mostly used for landscaping. |
| Togor / Crape Jasmine (Tabernaemontana divaricata) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Small tree. Mostly unaffected. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful white flowers which look like pinwheel. |
7.2 Medium-sized Trees
| Species & Suitable Spaces | Native To India | Notes |
| Amaltas (Cassia fistula) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind firmness: Excellent. Ornamental: Yes Blooms in the peak of summer. The vibrant yellow flowers hanging in clusters make an astonishing sight. The seedpod long and brownish in colour hangs like a stick. Flourishes in dry soil and extreme heat. Shade is moderate. |
| Amloki (Phyllanthus emblica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits are packed with Vit-C and are eaten. Grows well in poor soil and extreme heat. Small leaflets on a compound leaf. No shade provided. Fruit is eaten by parakeets. |
| Amra – Bilati / Golden Apple (Spondias dulcis) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits edible. Used in chutneys. Drought tolerant. Can easily be grown from cutting. Mostly cultivated variety and not wild. |
| Amra – Deshi / Hogplum (Spondias mombin) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits edible. Used in chutneys. Drought tolerant. Can easily be grown from cutting. |
| Ashok (Saraca asoca) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful red flowers in clusters. Starts flowering in spring. Mentioned in Ramayana. Can provide good shade. |
| Ata / Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) Suitable Spaces: A, B, C, X, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruit is edible. |
| Autograph Tree (Clusia rosea) Suitable Spaces: X, B, X, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Thick leaves can provide some shade. Does not flower easily in this climate. Growth slow. |
| Bael / Wood Apple (Aegle marmelos) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Excellent. Ornamental: No Fruit is edible. Prickles on the branches. Sparse canopy does not provide much shade. |
| Batabi Lebu / Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruit is edible and produced in copius amounts with little effort. Mostly cultivated varieties. |
| Bokful / Agati (Sesbania grandiflora) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Flowers are fried as vegetable and eaten. Tall and lanky tree with little foliage. Cultivated in India. |
| Bottlebrush (Genus: Callistemon) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Lovely red flowers which hang like a bottle-cleaning brush. |
| Cordia (Cordia sebestena) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Does not uproot. Large branches break. Ornamental: Yes Lovely orange flowers with small white onion like fruits (not edible). Flowers attract sunbirds. |
| Dumur / Hairy Fig (Ficus hispida) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Mostly grows wild. Hardly planted. Fruits edible as vegetable. Can be an excellent wild food for the city dwellers. Attracts frugivorous birds like barbets. |
| Dumur (Jog) (Ficus racemosa) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Mostly grows wild. Hardly planted. Attracts frugivorous birds like barbets. |
| Folsa (Grewia asiatica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G,H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruits are eaten when ripe. Leaves are large, round and light green in colour. |
| Gab / Indian Persimmon (Diospyros malabarica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Lovely flowers in clusters which can be red, pink or white. Can be pruned easily. Flowers well in full sunlight. Provides good shade. |
| Gab – Bilati / Velvet Apple (Diospyros discolor) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Lovely white fragrant flowers which bloom throughout the year but mostly in autumn. Provides good shade. |
| Indian Coral Tree (Erythrina variegata) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Used as wind-break. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful red flowers which bloom in spring. Flowers attract birds such as starlings. Other birds like Baya weavers have been observed building nests. |
| Jiban / Chikan / Indian Charcoal Tree (Trema orientalis) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Usually not planted. Grows wild. |
| Kamranga (Averrhoa carambola) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits are edible and produced in large quantities. Grows well in dry soil. Cultivated in India. |
| Ketaki / Keora / Fragrant Screw Pine (Pandanus odorifer) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Ornamental plant with prop roots and highly fragrant flowers which grow as dense thickets on sandy coasts. Aromatic oils are extracted. Keora water used in cuisines. |
| Kul / Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruits are edible. Mostly grows wild. Attracts lot of insects and small birds such as warblers. |
| Kanchan / Sada Kanchan (Bauhinia acuminata) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Lovely white flowers which bloom in summer and monsoon. |
| Kanchan – Lal (Bauhinia purpurea) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful deep purple flowers adorn the trees with the advent of spring. |
| Karanja / Pongam (Millettia pinnata, Pongamia pinnata) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Fast growing tree. Used for soil reclamation. Provides good shade. |
| Kathchampa / Kathgolap / Plumeria / Frangipani (Plumeria obtusa and others of the Genus: Plumeria) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Excellent. Ornamental: Yes Stunning white flowers in large clusters. Long flowering period from spring to monsoon. Trees do not have a straight bole. Trunks can take a crooked shape. Usually has a mild fragrance. Plant is predominantly planted in temples. Slow to grow. Thick leaves provide good shade. Cultivated. |
| Magnolia / Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Suitable Spaces: X, B, X, X, X, X, G, X | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Leathery dark coloured leaves with whitish underparts. Large white fragrant flowers. Flowers well mostly in cooler climates. |
| Mosambi / Sweet Lemon (Citrus limetta) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, X | – | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits edible and cultivated. Cultivated variety. |
| Norfol (Phyllanthus acidus) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruits edible and high in Vit-C. Grows extremely well in scorching heat and dry sandy soil. Cultivated in India. |
| Panthopadok / Traveller’s Tree (Ravenala madagascariensis) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, F, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Ornamental. Sheaths of the stem can hold rainwater. |
| Palash / Flame of The Forest (Butea monosperma) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Does not topple easily. However, large breakages can be seen. Recovers. Ornamental: Yes One of the iconic flowers of spring. Vibrant flame coloured flowers on a leafless tree is a sight to behold. Loves heat and dry soil. Provides good shade. |
| Peyara / Common Guava (Psidium guajava) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Prone to toppling. Ornamental: No Fruit is edible. Attracts frugivorous birds like parakeets and barbets. Mostly cultivated. |
| Powderpuff (Calliandra haematocephala and others of the Genus: Calliandra) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful powderpuff like small red flowers. Flowers attract sunbirds and flowerpeckers. Cultivated widely across India. |
| Raktachandan (Adenanthera pavonina) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Might not withstand strong wind. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful red glossy bead like seeds. Fast growing tree. |
| Sajne / Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Does not get uprooted. Breakages happen which does not affect the tree. Ornamental: No Flowers, leaves and fruits very nutritious and are cooked as vegetable. Tiny white flowers in clusters bloom during winter. Easy to manage tree since it responds very well to pollarding. Sparse canopy does not provide good shade. Flowers attracts sunbirds. Attracts cuckoos in monsoon which come to eat the caterpillars. |
| Shahtoot / White Mulberry (Morus alba) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. Reported to be windfirm. Most of the available resources also mention that the tree is windfirm. Ornamental: Yes Left on it own, it will grow on to become a large tree. For practical purposes, it is pruned and maintained as a compact medium-sized tree. Responds well to pruning. Has straight bole. Berry like fruits turn red when ripe. Fruits are edible and taste sweet. Fruits often processed into jelly. Leaves and young shoots can be cooked and eaten. Does well in moist soil. Can be planted on the edges of the pond. Roots bind to soil very well. Cannot tolerate drought. Leaves are good feed for silkworms. Cultivated in India for use in sericulture and also as fruit bearing tree. Can be grown from cuttings and seeds. Attracts birds. |
| Tecoma / Yellow Bells (Tecoma stans) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Yellow bell shaped flowers in clusters. Long flowering season. |
| Tecoma (Tecoma gaudichaudi) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Yellow bell shaped flowers in clusters. Long flowering season. |
| Tejpata / Indian Bay Leaf (Cinnamomum tamala) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Leaves used in Indian cooking. |
7.3 Large Trees
| Species & Suitable Spaces | Native To India | Notes |
| Aam / Mango (Mangifera indica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Large branches break. Few trees seen uprooted after storm. Ornamental: No Delicious fruits. Attracts birds and small mammals. Provides excellent shade. Grafted trees might not develop strong roots. |
| Aam – Deshi / Wild Mango (Mangifera sylvatica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits edible. Used mostly in pickles. Provides excellent shade. |
| Akashmoni / Sonajhuri/ Earleaf Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Large breakages are frequently seen. Ornamental: No Yellow coloured flowers may look nice. Timber tree. |
| Ansh Fol / Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits are edible. Summer fruit. |
| Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Not good. Topples easily. Observed. Ornamental: No Tall tree with white bark. Bark often used for medicinal purposes. Grows well in moist soil especially on riverbanks. |
| Aswotthyo / Peepal (Ficus religiosa) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Excellent. Ornamental: No The famous Bodhi tree. Beautiful heart-shaped leaves with tapering apex. New leaves which emerge in spring are red in colour. |
| Bahera / Baheda (Terminalia bellirica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No One of the three trees constituting triphala. Has medicinal values. |
| Bhola / Guest Tree (Kleinhovia hospita) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Few large trees were uprooted in Amphan. Ornamental: No Small pink flowers in clusters. Beautiful light green coloured leaves. Vigorous offshoots appear from the base which are often cut-down in urban environment. |
| Bokul (Mimusops elengi) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Excellent. Does not get uprooted. Small breakages may happen in large trees. Ornamental: Yes Small white star-shaped inconspicuous fragrant flowers. Naturally takes a beautiful round shape with very dense foliage. Slow to grow. Provides excellent shade. |
| Bot / Banyan (Ficus benghalensis) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Moderate. Occasional uprooted trees seen after storm. Ornamental: No Keystone species. Attracts and acts as home for large number of birds, mammals and insects. Fruit is eaten by frugivorous birds like barbets and also by crows. |
| Buddha Narikel / Tula / Buddha Coconut (Pterygota alata) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Moderate. Occasional uprooted trees seen after storm. Ornamental: No Large tree with prominent buttresses in old trees. Straight cylindrical bole. Brown hanging fruits. |
| Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Poor. Prone to breakages and can get uprooted. Ornamental: Yes Usually planted as an ornamental tree. Sunbirds have been observed to frequent the flowers. Does well along the sandy beaches. |
| Chalta / Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits which are ready by December are edible. Delicious pickles are made. Also used to impart a sour flavour to lentils/dals. Leaves and flowers are aesthetically pleasing. Grows well in moist places, eg. banks of ponds. |
| Champa – Swarna / Golden Champa (Magnolia champaca) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Even breakages minimal. Tall and sturdy. Ornamental: Yes Lovely flowers with slight fragrance. |
| Champa – Swet / Champa (Magnolia x alba) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G,H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Even breakages minimal. Tall and sturdy. Ornamental: Yes Lovely flowers with slight fragrance. |
| Chatim / Saptaparni (Alstonia scholaris) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Extremely resilient. Ornamental: No The heady aroma of the flowers mark the onset of autumn. Extremely resilient to storms. Usually grows straight with an umbrella like canopy. Provides good shade. Leaves have excellent ability to capture dust and suspended particles from the air. During their short flowering season, the pollens can cause allergy in elderly and asthma patients. Chatims should be planted sparsely in neighbourhoods. Good choice on major roads and parks. Attracts birds. |
| Debdaru / False Ashoka (Polyalthia longifolia) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Usually good. Very large trees may topple because of the extreme height they reach. Ornamental: Yes Usually a large tree which is often trimmed and stunted. Left on its own, it grows to enormous heights. Beautiful narrow leaves with a wavy edge. |
| Deowa Fol / Lakoocha / Monkey Jack (Artocarpus lacucha) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruit is edible though not very popular in the market. |
| Eucalyptus (Genus: Eucalyptus) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: Extremely poor. Topples easily. Ornamental: No Tall and fast growing tree with a white bark and narrow leaves. Flowers may attract bats and some small birds. Known to use excessive groundwater. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTATION. |
| Gamar / White Teak (Gmelina aroborea) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fast growing tree with a straight cylindrical bole and widespreading canopy. Demands light. Often used as wind-break. Provides good shade. |
| Haritaki / Black Myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Main bole is short. Valued for tannins and medicinal properties. One of the three fruits in triphala. |
| Hijal / Freshwater Mangrove (Barringtonia acutangula) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Has lovely hanging red flowers. Grows well in moist soil, especially near riverbanks and canals. |
| Indian Rubber Tree (Ficus elastica) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Ficus tree with thick leathery dark green leaves. Shaggy appearance like Ficus benghalensis. This is the tree which has been used to construct the living root bridges in Meghalaya. |
| Jalpai / Indian Olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruits are edible. Branching starts at a considerable height on the bole. |
| Jamrul (Syzygium samarangense) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fast growing tree. Irregular, wide spreading crown. Tendency to branch close to the base. Edible fruits. Grows well in moist soil. |
| Jarul / Pride of India / Queen’s crepe-myrtle (Lagerstroemia speciosa) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Does not topple. However, branches are brittle and huge breakages happen. Recovers. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful purple flowers which bloom in the summer. Very good at capturing dust and other particulate matter. Tree grows very fast. Tolerates heat very well. Provides good shade. |
| Java Fig / Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Reported to be susceptible to windthrow. Ornamental: Yes Popular because it can grow on a variety of soil. The canopy takes a pleasing shape with shiny dark green leaves. Small fig like fruits. Fruit eaten by doves and pigeons. Natural germination from the excreta of pigeons observed. |
| Jongli Badam (Sterculia foetida) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Straight bole with an umbrella like canopy. Small pink flowers which carpet the ground beneath the tree. Blooms in spring. Kidney shaped red fruits have edible nuts inside. Does well in heat and sandy soil. Natural germination good. |
| Jungle Jilipi / Jilipi Fol / Khoi Babla / Madras Thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Prone to large breakages. Does not topple. Ornamental: No Fast growing tree which can grow in almost any kind of soil. Germination from seeds is excellent. Jilipi like fruits are edible when ripe and relished by children. Though this plant is not native, I have observed that it supports local biodiversity. Fruits favoured by parakeets, barbets, treepies and koels. Smaller birds like sparrows and sunbird frequently visit the tree during flowering season. The branches have prickles. Hence it may be difficult to prune without professional help. Provides good shade. |
| Kadam (Neolamarckia cadamba) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Prone to breakages. Have observed that the bole often breaks. Well established trees along canal sides remain unaffected. Ornamental: Yes One of my favourite trees. Tree with characteristic round flowers, round fruits and bright green leaves. Flowers bloom with mild fragrance in monsoon. The tree naturally takes the shape of a fountain or an umbrella and has a straight bole. Does well in moist soil and waterlogged soil. Attracts lot of birds, especially green pigeons, woodpeckers and barbets which feed on the fruit. Good choice for planting along lakes, canals and rivers. Provides good shade. |
| Kalojam (Syzygium cumini) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Poor. Prone to breakage and toppling. Ornamental: No Delicious summer fruit. Attracts birds and insects. Provides good shade. |
| Kanak Champa / Bayur (Pterospermum acerifolium) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Excellent. Ornamental: Yes Has large leaves due to which the tree is sometimes called ‘dinner-plate’. Bole may be crooked. Large beautiful fragrant yellow flowers. Fast growing. Provides good shade. |
| Kanthal / Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Excellent. Ornamental: No Thick leaves and dense canopy provides excellent shade. One of the largest fruits. Woodpeckers are frequently seen. Small mammals like civets often feast on the ripe fruits. |
| Kath Badam (Terminalia catappa) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Breakages and few uprooted trees may be seen. Trees otherwise have deep root system but may develop shallow roots if water table is high or if watered regularly. Firm in sandy areas like coasts. Large trees in urban areas usually are stable. Leaves may get defoliated in heavy wind/cyclone. Ornamental: Yes Fast growing tree. Usually takes a regular shape. Straight bole with horizontal branches emerging from the same level in young trees. Leaves are beautiful. Leaves turn red before being shed in winter. Nuts are edible. Provides good shade. |
| Krishnachura / Royal Poinciana (Delonix regia) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: Poor. Ornamental: Yes Brilliant orange-red flowers bloom in the peak of summer. Prone to diseases. Poor shade. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTATION. |
| Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Large tree which turn red in colour when new leaves emerge in spring. |
| Litchu / Lychee (Litchi chinensis) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits are edible. Cultivated in India. |
| Mahagony – Small Leaved (Swietenia mahagoni) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: Poor. Large trees may be windthrown Ornamental: No Large tree with dense and widespread canopy. Provides good shade. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTATION. |
| Mahagony – Large Leaved (Swietenia macrophylla) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: Poor. Large trees may be windthrown. Ornamental: No Large tree with dense and widespread canopy. Provides good shade. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTATION. |
| Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Most of the trees observed were stable except for one which was windthrown. Has lot of superficial root system but also has been reported to have deep tap root. No conclusive data. Ornamental: No One of the most important trees of the dry regions of India. Drought tolerant. Prefers sandy soil. Flowers nutritious. Long-lived tree. Beautiful colour change observed in the leaves as they mature. |
| Nagalinga / Cannonball Tree (Couroupita guianensis) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful large red flowers which emerge from the bole rather than from the branches. Flowers have a fragrance and are offered to Hindu deities. Fruits are large and round with a hard woody outershell which gives the tree its name “Cannonball”. Grows well in swampy areas and by the sides of rivers and canals. |
| Neem (Azadirachta indica) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Most of the large trees withstood the impact of AMPHAN. However, a handful were windthrown. Trees which were windthrown might have been pruned improperly or might have had their roots damaged. Ornamental: No One of the most important trees of India. Dense canopy provides good shade. Grows well in dry soil and tolerates drought. Twigs may be used to brush teeth. Leaves may be used to ward off insects. Neem oil is often used as natural insecticide. Attracts birds which often feed on the fruit. Germination from seeds excellent. |
| Pakur (Ficus Infectoria, Ficus virens) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Ficus tree. Leaves similar to peepal without the tapering apex of the latter. Fruits attracts birds. Provides shade. Like other figs may start its life as a epiphyte upon germination on another tree, which is often a Khejur tree. |
| Paras Peepul / Indian Peepul Tree (Thespesia populnea) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Compact tree with a soft wood. Grows moderately fast and can tolerate salt-water sprays along the coasts. In the urban environment, the lovely yellow bell-shaped flowers may be seen in monsoon. Flowers change colour upon aging. |
| Parul / Fragrant Padri Tree (Steriospermum chelonoides) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Tree with beautiful pink coloured flowers which are sweet scented. Finds references in Bengali songs and literature. Rare in the city. |
| Piasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No A large and beautiful tree. Provides good shade. Timber is valued. |
| Putranjiva (Putranjiva roxburghii) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Has medicinal properties. Provides good shade. |
| Radhachura / Copperpod Tree (Peltophorum pterocarpum) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: Extremely poor. One of the worst performers in any storm. Ornamental: No Fast growing tree which provides excellent shade and bears lovely yellow flowers in clusters. The seedpods are copper in colour. Easily windthrown and broken by heavy winds. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTATION. |
| Rain Tree (Samanea saman) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Poor. Usually not windthrown but large breakages occur. Ornamental: No Tree with large umbrella like canopy which can provide shade over a large area. Flowers are red in colour and structurally resemble flowers of Powderpuff and Shirish. |
| Ritha / Indian Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Tree with a straight bole. Provides good shade. Source of soap. |
| Rudrapalash / African Tulip (Spathodea campanulata) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Moderate. Bole often breaks in strong wind. Few windthrown trees may be seen. Ornamental: Yes Lovely red flowers on the tall trees can be seen by the end of the winter. Seeds soon form and are dispersed by wind. |
| Sal (Shorea robusta) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, X, X | YES | Wind-firmness: Windfirm in dry areas. In places with excessive rainfall, root rot may cause trees to be windthrown. Ornamental: No Lovely red flowers on the tall trees can be seen by the end of the winter. Seeds soon form and are dispersed by wind. |
| Sabeda / Sapota / Chikoo (Manilkara zapota) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Fruits are edible. Cultivated widely. |
| Saranga / Mexican Lilac (Gliricidia sepium) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Trees develop deep tap roots when grown from seeds. Trees grown from cuttings form shallow lateral root system and are vulnerable to windthrow. Ornamental: Yes Beautiful pink flowers in long clusters appear in spring. |
| Segun / Teak (Tectona grandis) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Minimal damage. Ornamental: No A tall tree with huge leaves. Unattractive flowers in large clusters may be seen. Bole is straight with few branches. Canopy not large. |
| Shimul – Lal / Silk Cotton Tree (Bombax ceiba) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Branches may break but not prone to windthrow. Ornamental: Yes A tree in full bloom is sight to behold in spring. The large deep red coloured flowers not only make the urban spaces colourful but also attracts lot of birds like starlings, woodpeckers, mynas and bulbuls. Fast growing tree. |
| Shimul – Sada / White Silk Cotton / Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Thorns like projections on the main trunk. Fast growing tree. Seeds in pods are dispersed by wind. |
| Shirish / Lebbeck (Albizia lebbeck) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Poor. Shallow lateral root system. Branches brittle. Ornamental: No A fast growing tree with white powderpuff like flowers. Whitish flatbean like seedpods can be seen hanging from trees devoid of leaves. |
| Sissoo / North Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Exceptional. Very minor breakages. Windthrow never seen. Ornamental: No A fast growing tree with excellent germination during dry summer. Has a natural tendency to colonize and may be used to reforest an area. Tolerates drought. Small yellowish flatbean like seedpods can be seen hanging along with the foliage. |
| Tabebuia (Tabebuia aurea, Tabebuia impetiginosa and others of the genus: Tabebuia) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, D, X, X, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Tabebuia impetiginosa has been reported to perform poorly in other parts of the world. Literature suggests that the tree has poor storm tolerance. Ornamental: Yes A fast growing tree. Tabebuia impetiginosa have beautiful pink coloured flowers. Tabebuia aurea has vibrant yellow coloured flowers. Popular with urban landscapers. May not be a good choice in the long run. |
| Tentul / Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, F, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruit widely used in cooking and cleaning utensils. Fallen leaves are allelopathic which means that they suppress growth of other trees. Naturalised in India and other tropical areas. |
| Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, F, G, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. No breakages observed. Not prone to windthrow. Ornamental: Yes Large tree with drooping branchlets. |
7.4 Palm Trees
| Species | Native To India | Notes |
| Areca Palm / Golden Cane Palm (Dypsis lutescens) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, F, X, H | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Ornamental palms. Usually within 6 metres in height. Small fruits like Supari. |
| Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Edible fruits. Attracts woodpeckers. |
| Fishtail Palm / Jaggery Palm / Toddy Palm (Caryota urens) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, E, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Edible fruits. |
| Foxtail Palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, E, F, G, X | NO | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: Yes Popular in urban landscaping. |
| Khejur / Wild Date Palm (Phoenix sylvestris) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: No Edible fruits. Jaggery made out of the sap extracted by making a cut in the bark. |
| Mexican Fan Palm (Washingtonia robusta) Suitable Spaces: X, X, X, X, X, F, X, X | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Popular in urban landscaping. Does not provide any shade. |
| Royal Palm / Cuban Royal Palm / Florida Royal Palm (Roystonea regia) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, X, E, F, G, X | NO | Wind-firmness: No data. Ornamental: Yes Popular in urban landscaping. Not of much use since it does not provide shade. |
| Supari / Areca Nut (Areca catechu) Suitable Spaces: X, B, C, X, X, X, X, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Moderate. Bole may break in strong wind. Ornamental: Yes Popular in urban landscaping. |
| Tal / Palmyra Palm (Borassus flabellifer) Suitable Spaces: X, X, C, D, X, F, G, H | YES | Wind-firmness: Good. Ornamental: No Fruits edible. |
8. Upkeep Of Urban Trees
Pruning
Pruning is often necessary for trees planted in urban spaces. However, pruning should always be done under expert guidance. Ideally, the pruning operation should be overseen by an expert appointed by the government or by the local community. Incorrect pruning by layman often results in the plant growing top-heavy canopy or a lop-sided canopy. Such trees become victim to storms easily. Also it should be kept in mind that pruning results in the death of some roots of the tree which further makes the overall tree weak.
Concretization
During concretization of pavements a sufficient space around the base of the tree should be left as it is. It allows the trunk of the tree to grow freely, allows water to seep into the soil and allows the roots to breathe. It is extremely unkind and unfair to pour concrete right up to the trunk of a tree. Also, the urban greening guidelines mentions that it is mandatory to leave space around trees during concretization. A tree which has a healthy root system has less chance of being windthrown.
Demolish concrete structures at base of trees, orders Calcutta High Court
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/demolish-concrete-structures-at-base-of-trees-orders-hc/articleshow/70300256.cms
Porous pavements to save concrete jungles!
https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/porous-pavements-save-concrete-jungles
9. Who Killed The Trees
In this section, I will briefly discuss the threats which the trees of the city face on a daily basis:
- Large native trees are often being felled in urban wild patches to make way for fancy illuminated parks. Exotic ornamental palms are being planted where large trees stood once !! This act is similar to removing the oxygen mask from a pneumonia patient and offering him a rose instead.
- Few homeowners are trying to utilize every inch of this city’s pavements and empty spaces for their own parking needs. Once a tree is felled by storm, the spot is quickly cleaned and filled with concrete. The pavement where once a tree stood now becomes a private parking space.
- Whimsical chopping of branches in front of commercial establishments. Commercial establishments in an effort to enhance their visibility are removing all the green cover in front of their office or shop.
- Trees are lost to developmental activities like road-widening and construction of bridges, metro-lines and metro sheds. While this may be unavoidable, compensation in nearby sites should be planned and executed before felling.
- Large office buildings in their effort to look clean and tidy are planting useless exotic tree species.
- Few homeowners in their effort to keep their premises meticulously clean are waging a war against leaf litter. They usually object to planting of trees in the vicinity of their house and sometimes force a tree to be cut down.
10. Final Word
Trees do much more than just provide us with oxygen and shade. Trees remind us of our happy childhood. Trees provide us solace in difficult times. Trees stoke our creative fires and make us happy. Let us pledge to bring back the trees to our mundane city life. Let us ensure that the trees around us live happily. This may be the key to our own happiness.
Happy planting !!
“Never say there is nothing beautiful in the world anymore. There is always something to make you wonder in the shape of a tree, the trembling of a leaf.” – Albert Schweitzer
11. Tree Nurseries Around You
I list down a few. You can explore and find a suitable nursery in your neighbourhood.
- Tall Tree Nursery Newtown
Website: http://wbwdcl.com/online_sales.html
Address:
Tall Tree Nursery, Adjacent to Tank No. 9, Street No. 326,
Action Area – I, New Town,
Kolkata – 700156.
Phone: 9874422398
A project of Green Projects Wing, West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Ltd. - Nurseries Around Bakrahat High School – 15 kilometers from Thakurpukur
12. Plant Identification Apps
Plantnet (https://identify.plantnet.org/)
Plantsnap (https://www.plantsnap.com/)
13. Some Useful References
13.1 Useful Websites
https://www.flowersofindia.net/
http://tropical.theferns.info
https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/
http://www.floraofbangladesh.com/
https://indiabiodiversity.org/
http://www.theplantlist.org/
https://www.indiaplants.com
https://www.cabi.org/
http://www.indianforester.co.in
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
https://eol.org/
13.2 Books
Trees of Delhi – A Field Guide by Pradip Krishen
Jungle Trees of Central India by Pradip Krishen
Gram Ganjer Gachgachra by Dr. Rabindranath Sar
The Trees of Calcutta and Its Neighbourhood by A. P. Benthall